Wheat triticum aestivum l is the most extensively grown cereal crop in the world, covering about 237 million hectares annually, accounting for a total of 420 million tonnes isitor et al. Context and background on maize and its wild relatives. Crop science agriculture the production of food, feed, fiber, fuel and other goods by the systematic raising of plants and animals science, art and business of cultivating the soil, producing crops, and raising livestock the work of raising crops or livestock from latin ager, a field. In pakistan, the average productivity of maize is 2,850 kgha, which is the highest among all. Increasing demand and attractive crop prices for cotton, rice and soybeans resulted in the decline of corn production in the state to less than 100,000 acres figure intro1. The introduction and spread of maize in africa the journal. Molecular genetic approaches to maize improvement springerlink. The increasing nem atode pressure in soils planted to cotton and soy beans, in addition to high yield potentials and new. The increase in lai, and, consequently, the increase in rate of dry matter accumulation, is proportional to rate of dry matter accumulation per unit leaf area nar.
Humans have been practicing crop improvement for many millennia. Pests of root, stem, ear and tassel 51 section 3 diseases of maize and their management 3. Several chapters deal with genetically engineered traits that are currently, or soon will be, in commercial production. Effect of farmyard manure and inorganic fertilizers on maize. Our annual maize requirement is about 200,000 mt from which we import about 125,000 mt at a cost of rupees 1169 million rupees, mainly for utilizing in the provender. The crop can be grown in various soils and weather conditions. Africas savannas are probably the oldest grasslands on earth and have changed little during the last 14 million years. Maize crop is primarily a warm weather crop and it is grown in wide range of climatic conditions. Management of hybrid maize seed production fields 19 1. Unesco eolss sample chapters soils, plant growth and crop production vol. It comes after wheat and rice in terms of world importance. Maize produces high yields, both per hectare as a crop and per cubic meter of biogas. Broadly speaking, the introduction of maize to africa resulted in the following. Center of origin mexico, central america earliest plant breeders women important source of human and animal sustenance the miracle of maize is manifested in the thousands.
About 60% maize is grown in irrigated and 36% in rain fed areas of pakistan. Information regarding mode of propagation, controlled pollinations. Gerarde summarizes what was probably the consensus of european attitudes in 1597 with these words quoted in 70, p. The crop was introduced to europe in the sixteenth. Maize research and production in uganda by elizabeth k. Maize has been introduced in africa, and later in other tropical countries, mainly by. Nafziger encyclopedia of life support systems eolss 1. Cultivation on marginal crop lands is, however, not recommended. During the past decade, there has been tremendous progress in maize biotechnology. Center of origin mexico, central america earliest plant breeders women important source of human and animal sustenance the miracle of maize is manifested in the thousands of ways that the grain has been used for years.
As indicated in table 2, a maize variety with a growing period of 140 days to maturity would require 423 mm depth of water, while 101 mm would be required as supplementary irrigation in the study area, and 101 mm depth of water is required as supplementary irrigation for maize crop grown in the area during dry spells and. People observed that plants come up from maize seeds kept on the graveyard. Maize or corn can be cultivated successfully in a variety of soils ranging from clay loam to sand loamy to black cotton soil. May 23, 20 maize zea mays introduction maize is a cereal crop that is grown widely throughout the world in a range of agroecological environments. Wet season crop was planted early in march, 2006, while the dry season one was planted in mid september. Furthermore, the maize exists in different forms in respect to size and colour of plant and ear, type and size of the kernel, as is showed in figure 3. The use of maize for silage is now known to have a significant negative effect on the nutritional content of both milk and meat. Maize is widely cultivated throughout the world, and a greater weight of maize is produced each year than any other grain. Biomass, grain yield, maize, population density introduction maize zea mays l.
In india, maize is traditionally grown in monsoon kharif. The new crop needed more water and when the drought struck thousands of people starved. Maize being the highest yielding cereal crop in the world, is of significant importance for countries like pakistan, where rapidly increasing population has already out stripped the available food supplies. Maize production in the north west province mmidi tswana maize is the main staple food of the majority of south africans and is produced widely on a small scale as well as commercially. Maize ranks third most grown crop in the world with an. Maize can be successfully grown in areas receiving an annual rainfall of 60 cm, which should be well distributed throughout its growing stage anon, 2006. Apr 27, 2015 maize or corn can be cultivated successfully in a variety of soils ranging from clay loam to sand loamy to black cotton soil. Maize hybrid 614 was planted during the long wet season while hybrid5 was planted during the short dry season. Linguistic evidence strongly suggests that maize penetrated the interior of tropical africa from the coastal regions, but the timing and mode of its introduction cannot be established. Maize or makka or corn crop cultivation guide maize. Introduction to major field crops icar ecourse pdf book.
Because it is the most readily grown bulk product it has become the core feedstock for ad plants. More maize is produced annually than any other grain. Maize was introduced from the new world to the old world in the 1400s, and it was planted between the harvesting of spring and winter crops, filling an important niche as a summer crop. Maize was introduced into africa in the 1500s and has since become one of africas dominant food crops. The introduction and spread of maize in africa the. North america grows over 43% of the worlds maize crop, with 90% of the us total grown in the corn belt consisting of 12 midwestern and north central states. With regards to the tobacco beetle, no information was found on the effects of epf on the insect. The commonly repeated assertion that the portuguese brought maize to tropical africa from the new world cannot be documented at this juncture, although they seem. Maize is the most important cereal crop in subsaharan africa ssa and it is the. Maize an introduction maize zea mays, referred to as corn in. Genetic modification of maize has been occurring for thousands of years. There is evidence that maize from central and south pmerica is introduced to europe in 1492 by columbus and then spread to africa van.
Introduction of maize to the interior of southern africa somewhere around 1700s is said to have caused conflict over cattle, grain and water, which eventually led to war. Introduction maize is the most important coarse grain, for which around 30,000 ha of land area devoted annually, the second highest extent of land next to rice. It is thought that although maize had been introduced by the portuguese to the. This document provides an overview of baseline biological information relevant to risk assessment of genetically modified forms of the species that may be released into the. Specifically for potential crop production, climate change is expected to cause substantial reductions in southern africa up to 30% by 2030 for maize production and south asia up to 10% for staples such as rice. Maize ranks third most grown crop in the world with an area of more than 118 million hectares with an annual. The transformation of teosinte that bears about a dozen seed covered in a very hard fruit case that shatters at maturity, into maize with an ear pithy condensed inflorescence that bears hundreds of naked seeds.
Determination of crop water requirements for maize in. There is evidence that maize from central and south pmerica is in. Successful maize production depends on the correct application of production inputs that will sustain the environment as well as agricultural production. It has been estimated that the maize crop requires about 50 per cent of the total water requirement in a. Introduction according to the yield equation, productivity of crop canopies is analyzed in terms of total incident radiation solar radiation q, the proportion of the incident solar radiation that is. People observed that plants come up from maize seeds kept. The intent of this brief article is to acquaint the reader with some of the unique contributions that maize has made to the science of genetics. Maize zea mays occupies the key place in the existing cropping system of pakistan, for it is a short duration crop and provides a.
Maize is the third most important cereal crop of pakistan after wheat and rice. Introduction this popular booklet, already in its fourth edition, is designed as a quick guide for identifying maize diseases. Maize is the most widely grown grain crop throughout the americas, with 361 million metric tons grown in the united states in 2014. Most of the maize varieties grown in india are relatively early in maturity 8095 days.
After thousands of years, people wanted to settle down in a permanent site, as nomad life was unbearable. Humans have lived there longer than anywhere else, perhaps more than 100,000 years. Maize is grown in every continent except antarctica. Maize farming corn information detailed guide agri farming. It is probable that the portuguese did not readily accept maize as a staple. The crop was planted at a spacing of 75 cm x 30 cm, two seeds per hole but later thinned to 1 seedling per hill.
Introduction of improved maize variety and applying its. Based on previous editions produced by cimmyt maize. Introduction maize being the highest yielding cereal crop in the world is a significant importance for countries like pakistan, where rapidly increasing population has already out stripped the available food supplies. While in western countries maize production is highly mechanized, in many other. In pakistan maize is third important cereal after wheat and rice.
Maize zea mays introduction maize is a cereal crop that is grown widely throughout the world in a range of agroecological environments. Introduction maize zea mays l is a cereal crop that is grown widely throughout the world in a wide range of agroecological environments. Pdf global maize production, utilization, and consumption. Cereal grains are the fruits of cultivated grasses. Effect of farmyard manure and inorganic fertilizers on. Maize zea mays, referred to as corn in north america originated in central mexico in around.
Maize production, economic analysis, peasant farmers. This volume provides an overview of our current knowledge of maize molecular genetics, how it is being used to improve the crop, and future possibilities for crop enhancement. This report presents the analysis of maize production costs and returns for zambia, with a special focus on improved types of maize relevant to the crm program, based on the 201011, 201112, 2012, and 2014 zambia crop forecast survey cfs data sets. Introduction maize zea mays l is the most important and most widely distributed cereal in the world after wheat and rice. Maize is only known as a cultivated crop and its exact genealogy remains uncertain. It is mainly used as a food source and now has become the most important raw material for animal feed pimentel and patzek, 2005. Today, the united states, china, the european union, brazil and mexico are the worlds largest producers of maize 3. About 50 species exist and consist of different colors, textures and grain shapes and sizes. Maize is the most important cereal crop produced in ghana and it is also the. For a better yield of maize, one should consider soils with good organic matter content having high water holding capacity.
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